Scuba Diving

Introduction The life of a diver highly depends on the diving gear, particularly the procedure of ensuring every part of a scuba gear is in the required conditions before the activity. It is also important to ensure quality of the gear and the people understand the procedure of using the materials during diving. The scuba diver’s life vastly depends on the equipment, and the sport is entirely equipment-dependent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scuba Diving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the gear fails, even an experienced scuba diver is in deep trouble due to the possible dangers. This essay forms a manual about scuba diving, explanation on the technical procedures of combining some parts of the equipment, importance of the parts, differences and usage. The manual also tries to answer common queries raised concerning this recreational activity. Scuba Diving Gear Scuba Masks It forms the interface bet ween the underworld and the diver. It is therefore extremely important that the equipment be personal and of best fit. Before diving, the mask has to be well garbed in place, levelled, accurately fit and defogged to ensure good visibility underwater. Unlike other masks such as the industrial mask, scuba masks are quite different since they are customized for the deep diving and underwater atmospheres. Unlike snorkelling masks that are designed for surface water sports, which are made of plastic lenses, materials used on most scuba masks include silicon as well as a tempered glass that is tough enough to overcome fogs or scratches. The main purpose of the mask is to enhance better vision underwater, but it also acts as a gear that prevents water from the diver’s nostrils. Vision is quite vital underwater since it enables the diver to read a pressure gauge and hand signs or gesture communication. According to Crockett, various scuba masks are available in the market, including the one, two, or side window masks, wide field vision masks, purge-valve masks, optical lensed masks and silicon coloured masks (34). All masks in the market are quite different in design to accommodate diverse fits for different facial shapes. It is thus advisable for any buyer to try all the available shapes before deciding a purchase. The mask has various parts as illustrated on the diagram below.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: Parts of Scuba Mask The lenses are made from tempered glass as opposed to plastic to prevent easy scratching or fogging. The skirt of the mask is also made of pliable solid from silicon as opposed to plastic. Silicon is more flexible and softer, thus provides a better seal on the diver’s face any prevent water from getting into the eye. While trying the mask, Hold the mask against the face, with the nose in the pocket provisio n. Ensure the skirt lies flat on the skin without folds Confirm the skirt presses well on cheeks and temple. Carry out the test without pulling the strap over the head. Ensure the strap does not come between the face and skirt of the mask. Safeguard the hair to ensure it is not trapped in the mask. A good fitting mask has a skirt that lays halfway between the mouth and bottom of the nose as shown on figure 2 below. Figure 2: Testing the Best Fit before a Purchase To check if the mask is of best fit,Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scuba Diving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Inhale deeply and let go the mask. A perfectly fitting mask must stick to the face without air leaks as shown on figure 3 below. Facial hair especially moustache may interfere with the tests but an application of petroleum or silicon jelly can be done to assist in sealing such areas prone to leaks (Crockett, 37). Figure 3: Inhaling in the Mask to test for Best Fit If the mask seals perfectly, Simulate the mouth position assuming presence of the regulator in the mouth during inhaling process as illustrated in figure 4 below. This assists in ensuring mask remains in place even in the presence of a regulator in the mouth. Figure 4: Mouth Simulation during Inhalation to find Best FitAdvertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Being a gear that comes as a complete unit, the scuba mask is easy to have in place and adjust. The musk must first fit comfortably, but it is important that the diver ensure that the musk leaves very little airspace between the lenses and face. In line with Crockett, the closer the mask is to the face, the better the vision and the easier it is to equalize, adjust, prevent and clear fog (37). While putting the mask on, Pull the strap over the head and Allow the strap to pass through over the ears like sunglasses Avoid placing the skirt above the hairline as illustrated in figure 5, to avoid leaks. Figure 5: Putting the Mask On During a fit, a mask that touches the bridge of the nose or the nose is in contact with the bottom of the mask, clearly indicates that water pressure may cause more pain during diving (Crockett, 47). Figure six shows some of the aspects a diver may find necessary to check on before settling for a best fitting mask. Figure 6: Checking the Tight Spots durin g Best Fit Another simple check for a best fitting mask is by ensuring there is a comfortable way to pinch the nose closed by holding through the nose socket as illustrated on figure 7 below. Figure 7: Pinching Nose through Pocket to check for a Best fit A good mask must fit closely to the face; it leaves less air space between the face and lenses of the mask, thus providing an easier way of equalizing as shown on figure 7. Figure 8: The Distance between the Lenses and face Finding the mask’s area of vision Upon fitting to the mast to what seems to be the right position, Roll the eyeball through all direction and find out whether all the fields of sight are visible. Ensure that the amount of light into the mask is comfortable. The type of mask will determine the light regulation for instance the masks with dark silicon sealants provide less lighting, while those with clear seals allow more light into the mask. Checking all directions helps the diver to determine fitness o f the mask and the diving needs. Figure 9: Rolling the eye through all direction to ensure visibility after fitting How Scuba Mask Enhances Visibility Underwater Besides preventing blurred or distorted image, the mask is a vital gear for easy communication and clear vision in deep waters. Scientifically, the speed of light changes when it transfers from one medium to another (refraction of light), and during transfer from water and human lens in the eye, the change on the speed of light causes the diver to experience a blurry vision. The scuba mask assists because it holds some air between the water and eyes, thus allowing for the normal transfer of light from air (trapped in mask), to lens of the eye. The light waves pass from water through the mask to air inside the mask and then to the eye. However, vision through the scuba musk is still slightly distorted, but is 33% bigger in comparison to the images viewed directly through water (Zitzewits 138). Before a dive, Apply defoggin g solution on the inside of a mask, which prevents formation of fog. apply a little of this agent into the mask and rub around before a brief rinse with clean fresh water leave a thin layer of the agent inside the mask without rubbing off Divers must understand there is humidity in the air. The diver often breathes some air into the mask thus adding humidity. Condensation of such moisture fog the glass since warm air fogs due to contact with the cold lenses of the mask. The defogging agent breaks the bond between water molecules that form the fog on the inside of the mask. In line with Newman, some of the commercial defogging solutions are designed specifically for the mask (13). It is advisable to perform defogging before each dive. There are also numerous procedures of defogging, for instance use of toothpaste or flame to remove residue left after manufacturing. How to clear water from a Scuba mask It is important for a diver to have skills of clearing water from the scuba mask d uring a dive without the need to surface. Lack of such vital skills may cause nervousness. To clear the mask off water the diver need to follow the following procedure as illustrated in figure 10 below: First practice mouth or inhaling through the mouth and exhaling through nose especially if the water if felt entering the nostrils. Secondly, tilt the head downwards as a measure of trapping air in the nose, which in turn prevents water. Ensure the skirt of the mask holds firmly on the forehead by placing a strong grip on the frame of the mask or by spreading fingers along the edges. Keep head down to ensure water stays out of the nostrils. With the head tilted down, Inhale deeply through the regulator Exhale slowly but strongly through the nose Tilt head upwards gradually as you continue to exhale strongly through the nose The process need to last a couple of seconds. The exhaled air from the nose bubbles upwards into the mask, and forces the water out through the bottom of the mas k. After performing the procedure, look down towards the floor and ensure that any water that may remain in the mask does not flow into the nose. Repeat the procedure until all the droplets are completely removed Figure 10: Clearing Water from the Scuba Mask The tight grip on the upper side of the mask ensures that exhaled air does not escape from the top of the mask. Tilting the head up during the exercise also ensures that the air is retained in the mask without flowing out through the bottom or the sides. Properly skilled divers are able to clear mask fogs by letting in some water, directing the water to the lens of the mask by swishing where the fog is and clearing the water off the mask in the same way. Scuba Diving fins Divers have a wide variety of fins to choose from including the booties, spring-strapped, split, blade, and turtle beside open or close-heeled fins. According to Orr and Douglas, â€Å"Various fins have been designed for devious dives and various materials a re used to maximize propulsion and minimize the kicking efforts† (26). Types of Scuba Fins Aqualung Blade It is important to consider flexibility of fins. The aqualung blade fins shown in figure 11 below are very stiff and mostly preferred due to their enhanced feature of frog kicking to achieve better repulsion techniques for instance backing up turns. The stiffness enables the diver to propel easily and further for each kick made in comparison to the flexible fins. However, the fins are cumbersome and continuous kicks can be extremely exhausting (Orr and Douglas 26). Figure 11: Aqualung Stiff Blade fins Closed-Heels Fins They contain a packet made of rubber that covers the entire driver’s heel. According to Graver, the fins work extremely well without diver’s booties especially in warm water (31). Cold-water diver requires booties to overcome the harsh climatic conditions by keeping the feet warm especially during the on show dives. Booties have a hard bottom to enhance easy movements over rough beaches, rocks, hot surfaces before a dive. â€Å"Booties also prevent blisters since they are high enough to strap the diver’s heals and prevent direct rubs against heels during a dive or walk† (Graver 31). Figure12 below shows an illustration of the water booties. Figure 12: Scuba Booties It is critical that a diver considers the style of strap for the open heeled fins. In line with William, â€Å"Standard straps are made of flexible rubber that easily loosened, tightened or unclipped for easy wear and removal† (18). Advanced straps have tight coils to fasten round the heel, which are more durable due to the metallic materials and are more comfortable, styled and easy to remove. Figure 13 below differentiates the two type of strapping. Figure 13: Spring and Standard Rubber Straps Blade fins Blade fins are designed with continuous rubber or plastic materials with various panels, contours and holes to direct water. The fins also provide divers with a more efficient and flutter kick. The flexibility of the fins vary considerable and therefore are more appropriate for divers who wish to maintain a standard speed during a dive or wish to scuba dive through moderate currents (Bantin 11). Figure 14 below shows the differently styled blade fins. Figure 14: Differently Styled Blade Fins The split fins The split in the fin (figure 15) is meant to reduce the kicking efforts; therefore, the fins are preferable for the flutter kicking. There are also favourable among less masculine divers due to the reduced strain. They are more effective when there are fewer currents. Figure 15: Split fins Snorkelling Fins The fins are easy to manipulate due to their sizes. They also provide the diver an easy way of balancing in shallow waters; however, they fail to provide adequate propulsion for scuba diving, this means that the diver has to compensate with faster and harder kicks (Bantin 37). Figure 16 below provides an il lustration of the Snorkelling Fins Figure 16: Snorkelling Fins Turtle fins The shape (short and stiff) and type of material gives them a more definitive design. They are more thick and heavier and work perfectly during the technical or advanced dives. A kick with the fins provides a more propelled effect but causes greater exhaustion. As seen on figure 17 below, the designs of these fins are simple but the equipment is still considered as one of the most effective fin. Most stores still stock the classic version but with diverse styles. In line with Bantin, the technical diver prefers the fins due to the great repulsive force they provide, and the size is effective during navigation in compacted areas where there are dangers of kicking the ceiling (37). Figure 17: Turtle fins Free-diving Fins As figure 18 below illustrates, the fins have very long, thin and stiff fins that make them very unfavourable among the recreational divers. The fins are preferable during frog and flutter ki cks due to their long blades. Although most divers do not prefer these fins due to the involved technicality of manipulation, they provide easy, quicker and very strong repulsive movements. Figure 18: Free-diving Fins Coloured Fins The colours come in handy during a dive where individuals are easy to locate and identify especially the brightly coloured one in poor visibility areas. Neon, orange, yellow, red, sky-blue are common bright colours as figure 19 below illustrates. Figure 19: Coloured Fins Innovative Fins They are specially designed with elastic enhancements such as rubber to add effectiveness during a kick. Some have a gear shifting mechanism for adjustment during a dive in the aim of decreasing or increasing resistance (Bantin 37). Figure 20: Innovative Fins Snorkels This is a safety equipment used together with the breathing regulators particularly when there are difficulties regarding keeping the head above the waves. The equipment is simply a bent tube with a mouthp iece attached at the bottom. The side is attached to the scuba mask through a clip and the other end (top-tube) extending above the head to stick out of the water surface and form a provision for easy breathing when the head is completely submerged. The clip enables the diver to use the snorkel without need to hold it in place. Figure 21 below shows various parts of a snorkel. The top of the equipment can be completely open, with a classic and easy to use design, but water splashing on the top drains directly into the mouthpiece. There thus more favourable in calm conditions, otherwise the diver is forced to clear water splashing into the open top (Bulenkov 7). Figure 21: Parts of a Snorkel Angled Snorkels Slightly angled snorkels are better since they provide a drier top by preventing water from entering, unless when completely submerged. The top covering consists of vents angled to divert splashing water. Although the snorkels provide easiness of breathing, they are favourable in calm and less wavy conditions but are heavier at the top compared to the open tops. Figure 22: Angled Snorkels Fully dry-top Snorkels seal water even when the diver submerges completely. The top is implemented with simple scientific mechanism of folds and valves. The system closes when a diver submerges thus eliminating need to clear water upon return to the surface. If the diver is using a snorkel that does not incorporate purge valves as illustrated in figure 23, water can easily enter the tube. In such a case, Exhale powerfully to ensure water blows out through the top Figure 23: Snorkels without Purge Vales The blowing cannot affect or break any part since the purge valve is absent. Unlike the snorkels with a purge valve at the base (illustrated in figure 24 below), those without the valve are very durable due to the simplicity. According to Bulenkov, Snorkels with valves are easier and faster to clear and are thus rapidly gaining the standardisation prominence in the marke t (8). Figure 24: Snorkels with Purge Vales Rigid Tube Snorkels The rigid nature of this snorkels assist in maintains the tube’s shape thus prevents bending. The equipment can be comfortable to the user but it need to be of the right fit. Ensure best fit of the rigid tube snorkel during mask fitting exercise. Check the angle of inclination to ensure it does not leave big space A good angle fit is closer to the diver’s face. Flexible Snorkels They have corrugated plastic or silicon connection between the upper and bottom portions. They are easy to fit due to the flexibility. The flexibility come in handy during diving where the diver can replace the snorkel with the regulator and the mouthpiece hangs sideways away from destructing the diver. Figures 25 and 26 below show the differences between the rigid and flexible tube snorkels. Figure 25: Rigid-Tubed Snorkels Figure 26: Flexible-Tubed Snorkels Nautilus Snorkel As figure 27 below illustrates, this snorkel is a fl exible and easy to fit into a carrying case and can be stashed in the Buoyancy compensator pockets or left loose on the rings. Upon removal, the device springs open into shape. It may lack other critical features, but the flexibility makes the device a favourite for some divers. Figure 27: Nautilus Snorkel Oceanic Pocket Snorkel The Oceanic Pocket Snorkel is highly comparable to the Nautilus Snorkel, but it has a strapping to keep it folded when not in use. Oceanic pocket snorkel has a purge valve on top that is tougher, thus making it not fold to a small size like the Nautilus. Figure 28 below shows the oceanic pocket snorkel. Figure 28: Oceanic Pocket Snorkel The Mouth Pieces According to Treinish, these are part of the snorkel that fits into the diver’s mouth and are made of soft silicon manufactured in diverse shapes for best fits as illustrated on figure 29 below (253). The diver must: Find the right type and size Check the styles for instance strapping for easy fits and comfort Decide the ease of clearing collected water Most mouthpieces have a small reservoir extension to prevent water that drains into the tube from dripping directly into the diver’s mouth. The dive can still breathe with ease even when some water has collected in the snorkel. The reservoir thus provides easiness on usage and clearing collecting water (Treinish 254). Figure 29: Various Mouth Pieces Mask Connectors The connectors that attach the snorkels to the masks are diverse depending on manufacturers, as illustrated below. Figure 30: Various Mask Connectors on Snorkels Test for attachment and detachment before diving. If it works well in air, then it is good for diving. If they detach easily in air then hold to them during roll or a jump to avoid loss. Ensure that the connection allow easy movement of snorkel One of the attachments uses a permanently mounted loop and a hook that provides a quicker way of detaching and attaching. Another has a hook that slides o ver the tube and provides a slower but ascertained way of attaching. The snorkel keeper has two loops made from plastic, which slides over the tube. It is equally a slow mechanism but cannot be detached accidentally. Other connectors have adjustable clips attached to the snorkel. Scuba Tanks and Regulators Scuba tanks are mainly made from steel and aluminium to hold compressed air. Aluminium is lighter in weight but need to be designed with thicker walls to sustain the compressed air inside. Aluminium is also easily dented and scratched. On the other hand, steel tanks rust easily in presence of moisture. Perform periodical tumbling to remove oxidation from the inside of the aluminium tank Considers the scuba tank dry-weight (weight when empty) before a hiking any significant distances. Choose a low capacity tank during shallow diving and high capacity during longer deep diving or if you have high consumptions. Fill the tanks at reliable stations to ensure they are only filled with dry air. Avoid emptying the tank completely Take the tank for frequent tumbles to remove any rusts Ensure compressed gas tanks are or have been taken for a hydrostatic test. Check the test date Inspect tanks frequently especially at the neck threads for possible clacks that can cause gas leaks and loss. Check the type of regulator. Do you prefer DIN or Yoke? To determine the type of regulator, look for an O-ring at the valve attaching to the tank. If the O-ring is present, then the valve is a DIN otherwise, it is a yoke. Figure 31 show a DIN while figure and 32 a yoke regulator. Figure 31: DIN Scuba Tank Regulator Figure 32: Yoke Scuba Tank Regulator Air consumption from a scuba tank during a dive The support expectancy of air in a scuba tank depends on the diver’s consumption rate technically termed as â€Å"Surface Air Consumption Rate (SAC rate) or the Respiratory Minute Volume† (Leaird 43). Divers with large lung volumes (tall and those with big BMI (Body Mass I ndex)) need more air that the short or petite persons. Other factors that determine consumption include diving experience levels /specialty on diving, stress, exercise done before a dive and ability to control buoyancy. To limit air intake and ensure consistent supply, Relax and practice slow and deep breathing patterns End the dive before reaching the air supply limit Calculate the no-decompression limit Plan and monitor the dive time Do not exceed the planned depth Avoid reaching the â€Å"no-decompression limit† during a dive Use â€Å"enriched air nitrox† Ascend with a friend who has reached the supply limit Have a contingency plan Factors that determine durability of air in a scuba tank during a dive include: The tank volume Consumption rate The pressure of water Buoyancy Control and Effects of Buoyancy on Divers: Inflate and deflate the â€Å"Buoyancy control Device (BCD)† to increase or decrease buoyancy respectively during a dive (Leaird 89). Use le ad weights to descend and stay down as the scuba tank empties Scuba Regulators The regulator enables the diver to breath from the scuba tank during underwater dives. The equipment is called a scuba regulator because of controlling the amount of air the diver breathes. It is not possible to breath directly from the tank since the air is highly compressed (strongly pressured). The regulator reduces pressure from the tank to an intermediary section before its final regulation to the diver. Parts of a Scuba Regulator According to Bantin, the gear has various accessories but two main stages (68). Figure 33: Parts of a Scuba Regulator First point of regulation: Controls the air pressure by reducing it to an intermediate pressure point, through a low-pressure hose. As shown on figure 34 below, first-point regulator connects to four different hoses, three to the second point of regulation as well as the buoyancy compensator and one hose to the gauge. Figure 34: First Point of Regulatio n First-Stage Body Yoke Yoke Screw Dust Cap Port/Port plug Second Point of regulation: Assists in providing the diver with an ambient pressurized air that is equivalents to surrounding pressure in air and water. It forms the safe breathing point for the diver. It attaches to the open water valve discussed earlier and thus acts as the other breathing-point/alternative during a deep dive. Figure 35: Primary Second Stage Regulator Purge Button Ease of breathing regulator Exhaust valve Mouthpiece An alternative second point of regulation: Forms a backup for the second point regulator. A diver can share air with a fellow diver during a deep-water dive through this point. This alternative point is today a standard safety diving console for a diver (Bantin 68). Figure 36 Secondary Second Stage Regulator Mouthpiece Low pressure Hose Plunge button Air Adjuster Submersible pressure scale and related console: It is a gauge for monitoring air usage during a dive to avoid run-outs. It connects to the first regulator through a high-pressure tube, and provides a point of reading direct pressure from the scuba tank. Other gauges that work in line with the pressure gauge include the depth gauge; computer console and diver compass (William 35). Figure 37: Inflator Hose connector Sleeve Buoyancy Compensator opening A low pressure inflating tube: According to Leaird, this is a critical low-pressure hose that assists in quick transfers of air from the first stage regulator to the â€Å"Buoyancy Compensator’s (BC) inflator† (42). Figure 38: Submersible Air/Pressure Gauge Depth Gauge Submersible Pressure Gauge Buoyancy Compensators (BCs/BCDs) BCD is an inflated jacket that assists divers to experience and control neutral buoyancy. Common compensators are designed as vests or jackets, which connects the diver to the scuba tank during a deep dive. Other designs include the back wing that is often used during technical dives and the classic â€Å"ho rse collar† design. A sample design is illustrated on figure 39 below. Figure 39: Buoyancy Compensation/Control Device (BCD) How to use the buoyancy compensator Once in deep waters, add air to the buoyancy compensator in order to experience neutral buoyancy. Inflate the compensator completely to enjoy a surface dive with head above water Attach the scuba tank to the jacket scuba compensator, during recreational diving Attach the scuba dive accessories to the d-ring and pockets of the compensator for instance the torch/light, knife or slates. Features of a Buoyancy Compensator to consider before a purchase Choose the style of inflating (back inflating or vest style) depending on experience and expected usage. Vest-style is easy to use and ensures easy floating, thus best suited for surface diving Squeeze the chest when the vest-styled compensator is fully inflated Choose the right lift required for a dive When using trim weight pockets of the compensator, distribute them ac cordingly to balance the swimming position Deflate the compensator from the standard locations whenever necessary As figure 40 below illustrates, the diver can deflate the compensator through the buoyancy compensator hose, but it should be raised towards the surface Figure 40: Deflating a Buoyancy Compensator using its Hose Scuba Dive Computer It is a device for monitoring diver’s heart rates as a measure to manage workload. The digital huge display of the device enhances readability during a dive. The device also keeps track of the dive remaining bottom time (RBT), temperature, tank pressure, bearing for easy navigation during a dive and depth. The information is observable both during a dive and later since all information is committed to a logbook memory. The diver is thus advised to Always upgrade the computer system software through the wireless or infrared interface Review the calculated deco data especially the gas mixes Check all the alarm warnings and text message s during a dive Scuba Wetsuit According to William, it is scientifically proven that water conducts heat away from the human body twenty times quicker than air (8). A wetsuit thus prevents water from cooling and eventually chilling the diver due to the mechanism of slowed heat loss. The suit also protects against scratches from the aquatic life such as corals. The wetsuit traps a thin layer of water against the skin and the water is heated to a temperature near normal. Scientifically, â€Å"water conducts less heat away from diver than the cooler surroundings, thus keeping the body warm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (William 7). Wet suits are made of neoprene, which is a material made from compressed air bubbles sealed in rubber. Before settling for a choice of suit, Wear a suit that fits properly to ensure trapped heat does not circulate off the body. Remember that wetsuit is not a sufficient gear to provide required warmth if the dive is lengthy or through extreme conditions (iced water). Ensu re tightness of the suit for easy in trapping warmth, but also ensure easiness of breathing and blood circulation. Consider the thickness of the suit. Thicker suits are warmer Choose between the short or full wetsuits. Figure 41 shows the short and long wetsuits. Figure 41: Short and Long Wetsuits Conclusion Although there are many related equipment associable with scuba diving as a recreational activity, figure 42 below illustrates some of the most critical items to think through before considering the sport. Figure 42: Basic Scuba Diving Equipment Works Cited Bantin, John. The Scuba Diving Handbook: The Complete Guide to Safe and  Exciting Scuba Diving. Canada: Firefly Books, 2007. Print. Bulenkov, Ye. Soviet Manual of Scuba Diving. Florida, FL: The Minerva Group, Inc., 2004. Print. Crockett, Jim. The Why-To of Scuba Diving. Ney York, NY: Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. 2002. Print. Graver, Dennis. Scuba Diving. Illinois, IL: Human Kinetics. 2010. Print. Leaird, Tom. This Thin g called Scuba. Indiana, IN: Xlibris Corporation, 2010. Print Newman, John. Scuba Diving and Snorkelling for Dummies. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley Sons Ltd. 2011. Print. Orr, Dan, and E. Douglas. Scuba Diving Safety. Illinois, IL: Human Kinetics. 2007. Print. Treinish, Steve. Technical Rescuer: Water levels. Kentucky, KY: Cengage Learning, 2009. William, Koelzer. Scuba Diving: How to get Started. New York, NY: Chilton Book Co. 1976. Print Zitzewits, Paul. The Handy Physics Answer Book. Michigan, MI: Visible Ink Press. 2011. Print. This essay on Scuba Diving was written and submitted by user Jonathon Juarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example

Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Essay Example Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Paper Essay Topic: Flight Lee Campbell Flight 811 Investigation Anthony Vallido Aviation Safety 409 ? Abstract United Airlines Flight 811 left Honolulu bound for Auckland, New Zealand on February 24, 1989. A few minutes in the flight the cargo doors blew out and because of the decompression, nine passengers were immediately sucked out of the plane. The debris from the cargo door damaged the planes Number 3 and 4 engines. Captain David Cronin prepared for an emergency landing. The parents of one of the fatalities, Lee Campbell, investigated the accident because they want to know what caused the cargo door to open in midair. Kevin and Susan Campbell were very persistent and relentless in their fight to prove that the cause of the cargo door opening is a malfunction in the electrical system of the locking mechanism. It would take them a few years and spend their own money just to prove their theory and prevent future accidents from happening. Their persistence paid off when the NTSB finally issued a report stating what the Campbell’s have been campaigning all along. ? Introduction On February 24, 1989, United Airlines Flight 811 took off from Honolulu bound for New Zealand. The flight carried 337 passengers, 3 flight crew and 15 flight attendants. The pilots were Captain David Cronin, First Officer Al Slader and Flight Engineer Mark Thomas. After the plane has been in the air for16 minutes, the passengers heard a grinding sound followed by a loud thud which shook the aircraft. A few seconds later the cargo door blew out and the passengers right beside it were immediately ejected out of the airplane. One of the passengers was Lee Campbell. Engines number 3 and 4 were severely damaged from the debris that came from the cargo door that blew off. The debris also damaged the planes right wing LED (Leading Edge Devices) and dented the horizontal stabilizers on that side. Captain Cronin ordered Flight Engineer Thomas to tell the crew to prepare for emergency landing, however he was not able to contact the crew. He then proceeded to go down to check what was happening. When he got down, he saw the extent of the damage to the aircraft. Immediately after leaving the cockpit, he saw that the skin was peeled off in some areas of the deck revealing the frames and stringers. As he went down to the lower deck, he saw the huge hole at the side of the plane and realized the magnitude of the damage. Thomas returned to the cockpit visibly shaken and reported the damage that he saw. At this point he suspected that it was probably a bomb and suggested that they not go over a speed of 250 knots. With limited information, Captain Cronin was able to land the plane without going off the runway. When the plane came to a halt, all passengers and crew were evacuated in 45 seconds. Some of the flight attendants suffered some injuries. The question here is what caused the cargo doors to open? Was it human error or was it electrical in nature? Investigation Lee Campbell was one of the casualties of Flight 811. He was returning home to New Zealand when the accident happened. His parents Kevin and Susan Campbell started an independent investigation from the NTSB. The initial investigation placed the blame on Brian Kitaoka, who at that time worked as a Ramp Serviceman for United Airlines. However, Kevin and Susan Campbell were not satisfied with this cause, which is human error, and continued to pursue their investigation. It took a long time for them to finish the investigation because they could not find the door of the plane. Without that door, they will not be able to check it for electrical errors. They eventually found the door 18 months later, 5km on the ocean floor. The Campbell’s embarked on a relentless personal investigation. Kevin said you can’t let the death of Lee be for nothing. Two months after the crash when the NTSB held preliminary hearings, the Campbell’s made sure they were there. They soon get frustrated because the NTSB will not complete their investigation for months. That is when they decided to take matters into their own hands. Kevin and Susan decided to get the documents from the NTSB during the hearing without permission. From these documents they found information that was not released to the public. There were reports that there disturbing problems with the forward cargo door going right back to its original design. Instead of a plug door that gets jammed into its frame as the aircraft pressure rises, Boeing opted for an outward opening door which allows for more cargo space but the door is not failsafe like the plug design so Boeing built was they thought was a fool proof locking mechanism. Boeing built in multiple redundancies to make sure the door is properly latched and does not open. They built it to a point where it is extremely improbable for the door to open. The Campbell’s discovered that the problem lies with the locking mechanism. To lock the cargo door on the 747, electric motors rotate C-shaped latches around pins in the door frame. A handle then moves L-shaped arms known as locking sectors over the top of the C-shaped latches to prevent them opening. But as early as 1975, problems were found with the locking sectors. Kevin Campbell, an experienced engineer, built a model to show the weakness of the Boeing design. Initially the locking mechanisms were made of aluminum and in 1975 they did not realize that it was not strong enough. The weakness of the aluminum drastically increased the risk of the door accidentally opening. With the aluminum locking sectors, if the C locks tried to backwind open electrically, it would push the locking sector out of the way. It was not doing what it was supposed to be designed for. For twenty years before the accident of Flight 811, 747’s have been flying with this crucial weakness. The Campbell’s wondered what is left to be revealed. They redoubled their efforts to uncover the full truth behind the accident that killed their son. They went to the US to talk to as many people as they can who was involved in the accident. They started at Seattle then went to Chicago all the way to Washington DC then on to San Diego. The Campbell’s soon found out that a shockingly similar incident to Flight 811 had given clear warning of the dangers of the cargo door. In 1987, two years before Flight 811 a Pan Am 747 had been climbing out of Heathrow when it failed to pressurize at 20,000 ft. The pilots had to turn back. When they got to Heathrow, they found out that the door had been hanging open an inch and a half at the bottom and all of the locks were open. When it got to the maintenance base they found that all the locking mechanisms were either bent or broken. Locking Mechanism Flaw Why had the C-latches turned and bent back the locking sectors? Boeing claimed that ground crew must have mishandled mechanism. But the Campbell’s investigation uncovered another vital clue as to why the C-latches had turned. A report by Pan Am engineers highlighted problems with the doors electrical system. It had a problem with the S2 master lock switch that should’ve turned off the power to the door when the outer handle was closed. This was an alarming finding. When the outer handle was closed the S2 master lock switch was meant to disconnect the power supply and stop the C-latch motors from turning. So could this have failed allowing the motors to open the door? To find out, Boeing asked the airlines to do a simple test. Close the outer handle then press the switch to open the door and see what happens. When they hit the switch, it actually worked. Boeing thought that it wouldn’t work but it did. There was power to the door locks with the outer handle closed and locks started to move and started to force the locking sectors out of the way. A few days later the airlines started calling saying that it was damaging their planes so Boeing stopped the test. This meant that on those aircrafts the S2 locking mechanism had failed and those aircrafts has the potential of having the same problem as Flight 811. It would just take a short circuit to open the doors in mid flight. The Campbell’s now became convinced that the accident on Flight 811 began with a failure of the S2 switch. Power remained on the C latch motors. All it took was a short circuit on the 20 year old wiring which had been found to be frayed on other aircraft to start the motors up. The aluminum locking sectors were too weak to stop the latches turning and the cargo door burst open. After a year of investigation the NTSB had a different version of the events. The Campbell’s were in for a shock. After waiting for a year, the Campbell’s expected the findings to match their theory on what happened. They assumed that the report will come out and that it would state that it was a malfunction but were surprised when it was reported that the door had been mishandled. For the Campbell’s, the NTSBs flawed explanation and failure to mention the electrical problems just wasn’t good enough. They went back to investigating the accident and soon found disturbing evidence of how it could and should have been prevented. Resolving the Problem After the Pan Am incident in 1987, it turned out that Boeing had issued a directive to the airlines on how to correct the weak aluminum locking sectors. The directive that came out was to replace the aluminum sectors with steel sectors that could not be bent. There were also going to be interim inspections to be performed until the steel sectors were installed. The fix was cheap and simple but getting it done was not. The actual cost for the modification and changing the locking sectors to steel was $2000 per aircraft but it will take 10 hours to do it and that is what made it expensive. The airline would lose money if they take the aircraft of service for 10hours which could translate into millions of dollars. The Campbell’s discovered that back in 1987, the FAA whose role was to enforce improvements had given the airlines 18 months to comply. United made no plans to install the steel locking sectors. Within a year, Lee Campbell and 8 others will die in an avoidable accident. So why were the airlines not forced to fix the problem sooner? If these large commercial airplanes are grounded it will be an economic disaster. What the airlines does is to lobby to the FAA to allow them to do the fixes over time when the airplanes are in for their normal maintenance. In that way they are not taken out of service. However, when they allow the airlines to fix it over time, the FAA is actually gambling with the lives of the passengers and crew who are flying on these airplanes. After the deaths on Flight 811, the FAA instantly shortened the deadline for fixing the cargo door from 18 months to just 30 days. The pressure of the Campbell’s campaign eventually began to pay off. The vital piece of evidence can prove them right, the cargo door which lay 2 km on the ocean floor. But as articles appeared in the American Press, the NTSB commissioned the US Navy to search for it. A hundred miles south of Honolulu, a deep submersible began to trawl the seabed. They recovered the door and the Campbell’s were notified of this. But before the Campbell’s can see it, the door was quickly transferred to Boeings plant in Seattle. The Campbell’s went in hot pursuit. When they got to Boeing, they would show the door to the Campbell’s which led them to believe that the crucial pieces were already sent to the NTSB. So once again they went to Washington DC. After 3 hours they finally got the pieces they needed from the NTSB and they told them that they were right that it was an electrical malfunction. They assured the Campbell’s that they will fix the airplanes so that the accident will never happen again. However, the Campbell’s were also informed that despite of the findings, the report will not be changed. Even with the evidence of an electrical malfunction in their hands, the NTSB refused to change their report. Then in June 1991 fate intervened. A four year old United 747 was in the airport when the C latch motor started up and the door opened itself. The Campbell’s said that there is no way that the NTSB can deny it any longer that it was an electrical malfunction. Conclusion Finally the NTSB issued a revised report that concurred with the Campbell’s version. In a press conference, the NTSB stated that there was inadvertent failure of either the switch or the wiring that caused an uncommanded opening of the door. The Campbell’s felt vindicated after the announcement and happy that they were right all along. They spent thousands of dollars of their own money in their campaign. They were never interested in the financial settlement for Lee’s death. But they did persuade United and Boeing to set up a university scholarship in his name. Susan Campbell said that she would not have been able to live with herself if she did not investigate the death of her son. The Campbell’s knew it was something they had to do and did not even discuss it. But despite long and public campaigns like that of the Campbell’s, critics fear that airline industry has not learned the lessons from Flight 811. The FAA has a dual role. One is to promote the aviation industry and the other is aviation safety and when they are put in a situation where they are between economics and safety, they tend to lean towards economics. Serious accidents caused by known defects continue to occur. In the 1990 known problems in aircraft de-icing systems led to crashes. At least 3 planes have had fatal fires due to known dangers of flammable insulation materials. In 1998, a fully laden 747 blew itself up over the Atlantic when known faults in the wiring ignited known hazards in the fuel tanks. Inevitably, experts are skeptical about the industries record of balancing profit against prevention. References McKarcher, S. (2004). Ual 811 20 years later. Airline Crew, Retrieved from airlinecrew. et/vbulletin/showthread. php? 209818-UAL-811-20-Years-Later Baehr, B. (2011). Victims parents absolve hawaii man of role in air disaster. Hawaii News Now, Retrieved from hawaiinewsnow. com/story/15002555/victims-parents-absolve-hawaii-man-of-role-in-air-disaster (n. d. ). United airlines flight 811. Wikipedia, Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_811 Bridgeman, S. (2009, February 27). Flight 811: The untold story. Sunday Star times. Retrieved from stuff. co. nz/sunday-star-times/features/1400976/Flight-811-the-untold-story

Future Years SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines

Future Years' SAT Test Dates, Schedules, and Deadlines SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Future SAT test dates are only confirmed less than a year in advance, but we at PrepScholar have done the hard work of looking at past test date patterns to predict future SAT test dates and registration deadlines. For 2018-19, the official timetable is set in stone. But even though they're more uncertain, we can predict future years like 2020 and 2021 with decent confidence. These predictions have been updated in March 2019 to reflect the latest possible data. For historical SAT test dates, check out our posts on past SAT test dates from 2017-18, 2016-17, 2015-16, and 2014 and before. SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2018-19 This year's test dates and registration deadlines are officially confirmed by the College Board. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 25, 2018 July 27, 2018 Aug 15, 2018 Oct 6, 2018 Sept 7, 2018 Sept 26, 2018 Nov 3, 2018 Oct 5, 2018 Oct 24, 2018 Dec 1, 2018 Nov 2, 2018 Nov 20, 2018 Mar 9, 2019 Feb 8, 2019 Feb 27, 2019 May 4, 2019 Apr 5, 2019 Apr 24, 2019 June 1, 2019 May 3, 2019 May 22, 2019 Warning: SAT Test Dates May ChangeSign up to Receive Free Updates // SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2019-20 The 2019-20 test dates are listed by the College Board but still subject to change. The registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Please read the notes about projection accuracy below. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 24, 2019 July 26, 2019 Aug 14, 2019 Oct 5, 2019 Sept 6, 2019 Sept 25, 2019 Nov 2, 2019 Oct 4, 2019 Oct 23, 2019 Dec 7, 2019 Nov 8, 2019 Nov 26, 2019 Mar 14, 2020 Feb 14, 2020 Mar 4, 2020 May 2, 2020 Apr 3, 2020 Apr 22, 2020 June 6, 2020 May 8, 2020 May 27, 2020 SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2020-21 Like above, the 2020-21 test dates are listed by the College Board but still subject to change. All registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Please refer to the notes about projection accuracy below. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 29, 2020 July 31, 2020 Aug 19, 2020 Oct 3, 2020 Sept 4, 2020 Sept 23, 2020 Nov 7, 2020 Oct 2, 2020 Oct 21, 2020 Dec 5, 2020 Nov 6, 2020 Nov 24, 2020 Mar 13, 2021 Feb 12, 2021 Mar 3, 2021 May 8, 2021 Apr 2, 2021 Apr 21, 2021 June 5, 2021 May 7, 2021 May 26, 2021 SAT Test Dates and Deadlines 2021-22 This 2021-22 SAT test dates are tentatively listed by the College Board but could still change. All registration deadlines are projected by PrepScholar. Look at the notes below to learn more about projection accuracy. Test Date Registration Deadline Late Registration Deadline Aug 28, 2021 July 30, 2021 Aug 18, 2021 Oct 2, 2021 Sept 3, 2021 Sept 22, 2021 Nov 6, 2021 Oct 1, 2021 Oct 20, 2021 Dec 4, 2021 Nov 5, 2021 Nov 23, 2021 Mar 12, 2022 Feb , 2022 Mar 2, 2022 May 7, 2022 Apr 1, 2022 Apr 20, 2022 June 4, 2022 May 6, 2022 May 25, 2022 How to Use These SAT Test Date Projections The vast majority of the dates above should be correct. For example, if you're taking the SAT in November 2019 and want to know whether a test date lands on your birthday or not, this calendar will tell you. At most, our projected dates might be off by a week. However, as it is with all projections, there will always be some margin of error. Feel free to plan your SAT schedule using our calendar. Within a year of your planned test date, check the College Board website for official dates. As long as you don't bet your life on it, the above SAT dates and deadlines should give you a clear idea of when future SAT tests are likely to be held. What's Next? What SAT score should you be aiming for? Learn what a good SAT score is, what a bad score is, and what an excellent SAT score is. Are you aiming for a high score on the SAT? Check out our popular step-by-step guide on how to get a perfect SAT score, written by a full scorer. Thinking about retaking the SAT? Read our guide to see whether retaking the SAT will raise your score. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Muscular System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Muscular System - Research Paper Example There are some manifestations in the body systems of multi-system disorders when MD occurred such as in the heart, brain, eyes, skin, endocrine glands, are nervous systems. It also affects psychological component of a person, resulting with obscurity in learning and even mood swings. Muscular dystrophy is commonly occurred in males of all ages. The disease had become prominent during 1860s with numerous records of case in medical journals. Guillaume Duchenne, a French neurologist, had conducted a study among 13 boys with similar diseases in various degrees. Later on, his discovery of the disease had named after him, which is called Duchenne muscular dystrophy. In his study as well, experts had discovered that there are many forms of muscular dystrophy. The earliest notable symptoms of Muscular dystrophy are difficulty in climbing the stairs; younger age prefers to walk on the toes, loss of function, wobble and trip, difficulty to get up from a sitting position and find it complicated to do things that require pushing. The worse case of the MD patients is difficulty in walking, recurrent falls, calf pain, Scoliosis, drooping eyelids, and inability to walk. Pathophysiology Process. To be able to explain further the relationship of pathophysiology process of Muscular dystrophy, understanding the dystrophin-deficient muscle is needed.

Chris Burden Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chris Burden - Research Paper Example The paper "Chris Burden" focuses on the art of Chris Burden. Burden commenced his career during the first half of 1970s and his most famous performance piece ‘Shoot’ evolved during this half of his career. This act involved shooting of Burden in his left arm by the assistant from a distance of about five meters. After this, Burden produced a series of controversial performances; prominent among them were ‘Five Day Locker Piece’ in the year 1971, ‘Deadman’ in the year 1972, ‘B.C. Mexico’ in the year 1973. In the same year, Burden also produced another famous performance piece bearing the title, ‘Fire Roll’. Other noteworthy performance piece by Burden during this era was ‘TV Hijack’ in the year 1972, ‘Doomed’ in the year 1975 and ‘Honest Labor’ in the year 1979. One of Burden’s famous pieces bears the title, ‘Trans-Fixed’ and was performed in the year 1974. The p erformance took place at Speedway Avenue in Venice, California. In this performance, Burden was seen laying face-up on a Volkswagen Beetle and was nailed by his hands portraying crucifixion on the car. The car was pushed out of the garage and the engine was rewed for the span of two minutes and then again the car was pushed back into the garage. Burden performed another noteworthy piece ‘White Light/White Heat’ at the Ronal Feldman gallery in New York. This piece bears the title ‘Doomed’ and is one of the most controversial pieces of the time. In the year 1978, Burden joined the University as a professor.

The Utilitarianism approach Essay Example for Free

The Utilitarianism approach Essay 1. What do Act Utilitarianism believes? How do their beliefs differ from those of Rule Utilitarianism? According to Aggabao (2013), act utilitarianism (AU) capture that people must implement that deed that well bring about the greatest benefit for all people who concerned. Act utilitarianism believes that each situation is different from other situations. On other word each situation is unique and non-repeatable. So each individual has to try to avoid about the greatest number of good consequences for greatest number of people in specific situation and time. For example, teachers, who try and make their best to avoid their students with a greatest amount of their knowledge, are moral and act utilitarianists. This behavior from those teachers will lead to the greatest good consequences. Students will be able to answer their papers very well without any help from any sources (of course in specific time which is the semester and in specific situation which is the effort of teachers to teach students.). The differences between AU and RU are coming from what their beliefs involved. Act Utilitarianism (AU) believes that each situation is different. In contrast, rule utilitarianism (RU) believes that is people should reside and chase that the rule, of the place where they live, that will lead to great benefits for all concerned. For example, everyone should follow the traffic laws. If everybody follow these rules, that will bring about the greatest good consequences for greatest number of people. Act Utilitarianism requires simple rational thinking because the situations are different naturally, while Rule Utilitarianism requires rational, reasonable, and complex thinking from individual to establish between the rules. While RU control the generating greatest good, in AU greatest good are achieved automatically as a consequence of the actions.

Horses as My Pen :: Invention Writing Technology Papers

Horses as My Pen When I was told that I had to develop a form of writing using solely nature, my initial reaction was a groan. Despite the fact that nature is abundant where I live--on a farm--is was the middle of winter and my creativity was definitely limited. Additionally, I actually felt lost that I couldn’t use a writing utensil, Dennis Baron was definitely right when he wrote, "We have a way of getting so used to technologies that we come to think of them as natural rather than technological. We assume that pencils are a natural way to write because they are old" (51). Then it hit me, my family has been involved with the use/production/processing of fibers for generations. So my initial idea for this project was to utilize natural wool and dyes or needlepoint of some fashion to create kind of text naturally. As I began formulating more specific ideas for that avenue, I realized that it would be very time consuming and I was unsure of the exact outcome. With sheep in mind, the thought of other barnyard friends danced in my head. I opted to utilize my equines, family and friends. The plan was to align the horses to spell out Hi, although, my first idea was to spell out some random quote, I did not have enough horses to write anything longer than a single word. Just as Twain noted, "Dictating...to a type writer is a new experience for me, writing with horses was new to me" (501). Because I had to take into account my horses’ temperaments, it took some deliberation about who will cooperate next to who and who should be handled by who. At last, a balance was struck and arrangements made to meet on what happened to be a very frigid day. Six of my very dependable helpers showed up and the horses were groomed, we walked them to a field, overlooked by a Harvester Silo. My dad scaled the silo to get an aerial view and we lined up four horses, one pony, two miniature horses and my dog Riley into the Hi formation. Unfortunately, because the weather was brisk, to say the least, the equines were feeling a bit frisky and were not so keen on standing still. This made the process last about 20 minutes, twice as long as I anticipated. Additionally, my mom, who is not a horse person at all, was holding the two mini’s as the i and Riley was antagonizing them, which made the experience slightly stressful since nobody wants to chase down loose horses!

Moving To Foriegn Land Essay

The idea of leaving the life behind you had lived for 19 years and moving to another country and start your life from scratch never attracted me. Looking back 3 years ago before leaving my home country, Pakistan and moving to Singapore my life was very different. When my father first disclosed the news that we will be moving to Singapore I remember how excited everyone in my family was, except for me. I was living a life that I always wanted and loved, surrounded by most loving grandparents and relatives, growing up with my best friends, and studying in Fashion School. The fact that I had to leave everything behind and start up new, moving to unknown city, unfamiliar to the culture, unknown traditions, making new friends, inter cultural communication barriers, how will I fit in new school scared me. I always had this idea in my head that starting up new is impossible for me and I was not self-motivated for the change Moving from high-context culture to low-context culture is a big change. First thing I did after moving, I started comparing everything to how it is back home. Then I could not get in fashion school, which caused having low self-esteem in me. I was not very familiar to the culture as well, new places, new challenges and new people. All this led me to isolating myself and being pessimist about everything. After my family successfully convinced me to take a Diploma in Business I got admission in one of the private institute, few early weeks I was the shy and quite student in the class, there were a lot of things going on in my head and because I was not self-motivated I never initiated to talk to people or make friends. After a while I became friends with these 2 girls in my class (both belonged from different culture). Both of them were very helpful and understanding. From there I started being open and interacting with people from different other countries and culture. Dwyer (2013a, p. 117), defined culture as â€Å"shared views of people belonging from to that society†. Dwyer (2013b, p. 118) I realized, just like me most the students in my class were immigrants too and pretty much have been through the same difficulties and experience. They all were unknown to my culture (Language, religion, social culture etc.) as  I was unknown to theirs. All of them were away from their homeland and some of them were also living without their families. As time passed I started realising positive aspects of this experience. Growing up in a certain culture means you become customized to those beliefs, values and norms they appear very normal – everyday activities, behaviors, and you do not think about them as part of a culture. Singapore is a land of multi cultures, due to which I have made friends from different countries, with time I started soaking up culture references, trying different foods, learning different languages, known to different religions, celebrating different cultural and religious festivals, trying their clothes, sharing the customs and traditions. I found myself eager to learn about it and not only me but my class mates where equally interested in my culture. After a while I realized I started adopting the habits I never thought I would embrace. I got to know myself better because there were things I used to believe in which was just the cultural heritage of the society I grew up in and not my own beliefs. Furthermore, as I had an art background, studying business for the first time was also a new experience for me and had some difficulties in the beginning but with the help of my teachers I managed to clear my concepts. When a person has lived a part of their life in another country especially their teenage, it is a challenge moving to different country and starting from the scratch but now after spending 3 years in Singapore I have realised how it was one of the best decision of my life. What I wanted was to spend my whole life in a shell and never let myself think outside the box. I can say that I was the one making this process difficult for myself, it all depends on a person’s will. Since the day I got to know about moving I was being hard on myself and never let myself think positively about it. It certainly is difficult to start all over again when our lives already exists elsewhere but It depends on a person to overcome the change and make it comfortable. It is all a process of learning, expecting the unexpected and fighting through the challenges. . I never knew before that I could be flexible with the changes and see this as an opportunity one day. Through this transformation of experience, I can conclude that after moving from my homeland to Singapore, I may have faced difficulties in adjusting with the culture and other challenges in the beginning but looking at  positive side I have only learnt from it and came out of it as a better and mature person intellectually and more exposed toward the cultures. This experience helped me in learning so many new and different things, about myself, about other than my own culture which I never knew even existed, and that is one of the best parts about leaving your home country and moving to a foreign land. It has been a life-changing experience for me and I will never go back to how I was. And now I can say that I’m ready to face further challenges in my life. References: Dwyer, J 2013a, Communication for business and the professions: Strategies and skills, 5th ed., Pearson Australia. – 2013b, Communication for business and the professions: Strategies and skills, 5th ed., Pearson Australia.

Jack in ‘Lord of the Flies’ and Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights’ Essay

A comparative study of jack in ‘Lord of the Flies’ and Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights’ and the conflict they represent between ‘civilised’ and ‘savage’ behaviour. In this essay I will be focusing on the two different novels, ‘Lord of the Flies’ by William Golding and ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nte. I will concentrate on Jack in ‘Lord of the Flies’ and his constant conflict over leadership on the island, and Heathcliff in ‘Wuthering Heights’ and his conflict with Edgar Linton regarding Catherine Earnshaw. I will show how the two authors use different procedures to express the emotional and behavioural differences between savage and civilised behaviour. The two novels are very different in the way in which narration, viewpoint, language and the detail of the description is used. Much of ‘Wuthering Heights’ is a long flash back told by Nellie Dean, the former housekeeper to Mr Lockwood a tenant at Thrushcross grange. The text is extremely descriptive but also consists of Nellie Dean’s opinions and memories along with a few extracts form Catherine Earnshaw’s diary. The novel contains more traditional language ‘They both promised†¦ to grow up rude as savages, the young master being entirely negligent how they behaved and what they did so they kept clear of him. ‘ Throughout the novel there is little speech used. When speech is used it consists of a variety of dialects, Standard English is used in conversations/comments by most of the characters. With Joseph being the acception and speaking Scottish, ‘Maister, coom Hither! Miss Cathy’s riven Th’ back off Th’ Helmeth uh Salvation un’ Heathcliff’s pawsed his fit intuh t’ first part uh T’ Broadway to destruction!’ This adds a bit of variety to the novel as it shows how different people from different parts of the country react to events. ‘Lord of the Flies’ uses more modern English ‘Piggy said nothing but nodded, solemnly. They continued to sit, gazing with impaired sight at the chief’s seat and the glittering lagoon.’ The story is narrated using an omniscient narrator, meaning we can see into the characters minds and so giving us a more detailed read. The characters are described more in depth and the surroundings i.e. the island. More adjectives are used in the description and this gives the reader more of a feeling of being there. The island is almost seen as a character rather than just a setting because of the amount of description used; ‘the sandy edge of the pool loomed up like a hillside. The water was warmer than his blood.’ Heathcliff is one of the main characters in ‘Wuthering Heights.’ On his arrival all apart from Mr Earnshaw, who had brought him back home with him, instantly disliked him. Cathy and Hindley refused for him to sleep in their room and when they learned that their presents, which their father had brought back for them, were broken and lost Cathy responded by ‘Grinning and spitting at the stupid little thing.’ Mrs Earnshaw wasn’t impressed either and scolded her husband and enquired ‘How he could fashion to bring that gipsy brat into the house and if he were mad?’ When he was first shown to the household he was described as ‘dirty, ragged and had black hair, he was big enough to both walk and talk.’ When he spoke for the first time he ‘repeated over and over some gibberish that nobody could understand.’ All this suggests that maybe he was from a foreign land. Nobody knows his origin as he was picked from the streets but his description suggests he is foreign; ‘you’re a prince in disguise. Who knows but your father was emperor of China and your mother an Indian Queen.’ This is a comment made by Nellie Dean later in the story. However a few days after his arrival Heathcliff and Cathy become ‘very thick’ and eventually Nellie Dean warmed to him. Hatred between Hindley and Heathcliff remained, this was mainly due to Hindley’s jealousness of the way in which his father treated Heathcliff i.e. much better than how Hindley was treated. Jack is one of the main characters in ‘Lord of the Flies.’ His background is unknown but is most probably similar to the other boys from the island, meaning he lived with his parents, he may have been sent away to school. First impressions of Jack were that ‘He was tall, thin and bony: and his hair was red beneath the black gap. His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness. Out of his face stared two light blue eyes’ he was bossy and in charge of the choir ‘He shouted at them â€Å"choir! Stand still.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ He makes himself appear confident; ‘Merridew turned to Ralph, â€Å"Aren’t there any grown-ups?† â€Å"No† Merridew sat down on a trunk and looked round the circle. â€Å"Then we’ll have to look after ourselves.†Ã¢â‚¬  Jack also proved himself to be arrogant by responding ‘I ought to be chief’ when a decision was made that a chief was required to decide things. Instantly he and Ralph didn’t get on, this was mainly jealousy on Jack’s behalf as Ralph was chosen as chief. Those surrounding them almost immediately dislike both Heathcliff and Jack. They also both gain an enemy, which they have, constant conflicts with throughout the novel. This being Jack and Ralph; Heathcliff and Hindley, and they both have unknown backgrounds; however Jack’s is slightly more certain. So in many respects the boys are similar. However there are differences between the two, the main one being appearance and initially Heathcliff appears not to be bossy, later in the novel though he becomes sly and blackmails to get what he wants. Heathcliff’s appearance deteriorates as his behaviour becomes more rebellious and wild. His looks become less civilised and turn more ‘savage’ and unkempt ‘You wash your dirty face and brush your hair.’ This is reflected in his behaviour which has become much more raw ‘took my dingy volume by the scroop, and hurled it into the dog kennel vowing I hated a good book, Heathcliff kicked his to the same place.’ This shows how the savage behaviour of Catherine and Heathcliff has changed the surroundings by pulling other civilised things; such as the bible to be more like them. Heathcliff’s attitude towards Hindley becomes increasingly more rebellious. He encourages Hindley to throw things and be nasty to him so that he can use previously received beatings against him and get Hindley into trouble with Mr Earnshaw; ‘† Off, dog!† cried Hindley, threatening him with an iron weight used for weighing potatoes and hay. â€Å"Throw it† he replied, standing still, â€Å"and then I shall tell how you boasted that you would turn me out of doors as soon as he died and see whether he will not turn you out directly.† This shows Heathcliff’s sly side and hatred, so much hatred he feels that he needs Hindley to be gone completely from his life, this emphasises his savage uncivilised behaviour. As Jack’s behaviour becomes more savage his appearance changes his hair becomes longer ‘His sandy hair, considerably longer than it had been when they dropped in, was lighter now,’ and he uses war paints; ‘Jack planned his new face. He made one cheek and one eye socket white, then he rubbed red over the other half of his face and slashed a black bar of charcoal across from right ear to left jaw.’ He uses these war paints to become ‘masked’ in evil and malice, he creates a new world and cuts out responsibilities. Like this he is able to cut himself off from the civilised world and transform to show his true personality, unruly and ‘savage’. The conch in the book is something that is respected by all and represents law and order. To Jack the conch is like an adult and has the power that he wants, he wants to be in charge and be respected by all. Due to this there is great disruptions on the island. Both Jack and Heathcliff’s appearance deteriorates as their behaviour becomes more savage, again showing a similarity between the two. Heathcliff’s nature becomes increasingly more violent. The violence he uses is not physical, its verbal i.e. he makes threats and suggestive comments ‘it is some devil that urges me to thwart my own schemes by killing him.’ This suggests that Hindley is testing Heathcliff’s violent physical behaviour boundary and he may in fact of pushed him so far that it gets broken. This is not the only time in which we see a different side to Heathcliff, it is in fact one of many but the above may be the most severe. During Heathcliff and Hindley’s argument about the colts another side of Heathcliff is seen. He blackmails Hindley by threatening to tell Mr Earnshaw of the beatings he has received from him; ‘I shall tell your father of the three thrashings you’ve given me this week.’ This is a very devious manipulative move because he knows that Mr Earnshaw prefers him to Hindley and so therefore is likely to defend his ‘gift of god’ Heathcliff. Jack’s nature is violent, and the amount of violence increases as you proceed through the book. He shows how he is angry and short tempered especially at the start and specifically towards piggy; he uses harsh words towards him ‘shut up, fatty’, which are unnecessary. He continues to behave violently towards piggy ‘†Here – let me go!† His voice rose to a shriek of terror as Jack snatched the glasses off his face.’ Jack quite simply didn’t ask piggy for the use of his glasses and instead showed rudeness, ill mannered and violent behaviour by snatching them. It is also shown how Jack’s physical violence is initially kept pent up inside him but eventually releases itself onto piggy ‘This from piggy and wails of agreement from some of the hunters drove Jack to violence. The bolting look came into his blue eyes. He took a step and able at last to hit someone stuck his fist into piggy’s stomach.’ This again shows his dislike for piggy and shows how uncivilised and savage he in fact is. Both Jack and Heathcliff act violently but they release their aggression differently, Heathcliff tends to be clever with the way in which he acts and bribes, although he suggests that he could indeed handle releasing his aggression physically he doesn’t he sticks to what he knows best and shows a more mature attitude towards it. Jack on the other hand shows a more immature way of handling it; he uses both physical and verbal violence. The way in which he uses his words to try and harm others is different, and entails no maturity at all, he uses more childish thoughtless words, he may well use physical violence because he realises that his immature way of handling words is not making much of an effect. Heathcliff’s aggression becomes focused on Edgar Linton; this is because Heathcliff is jealous of the relationship Edgar has with Catherine. To show Heathcliff’s wildness and to develop the civilisation versus savagery theme Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nte uses a different kind of language, a more intense harsh range of vocabulary. She uses words such as ‘with frightful vehemence’ to prove that Heathcliff feels really deeply and means what he says, she shows him to be impatient, agitated and angry; ‘stamping his foot and groaning in a sudden paroxysm.’ This is another example of Heathcliff’s aggression being focused on Edgar Linton; ‘†Cathy, this lamb of yours threatens like a bull!† he said. â€Å"It is in danger of splitting its skull against my knuckles. By god, Mr Linton, I’m mortally sorry that you are not worth knocking down!’ it shows his wildness and tells how Edgar is in for a beating. It all shows his savage behaviour and focused hatred on Edgar. Later in ‘Lord of the Flies’ Jack’s aggression becomes focussed on Ralph. This is a change as originally Jack’s violent, savage behaviour was directed at piggy. Their conflict over leadership and the type of society they should have on the island has great effects on the group as a whole and the boys take sides. Originally Jack was jealous of Ralph as he became leader and this was what Jack wanted to be, he was ‘mortified’ when Ralph was chosen as chief and this proved he was respected more and more popular than Jack. However, constant disagreements between the two meant that the group split and more sided with Jack meaning that he was now in charge. Jack was insecure and thought all would return to Ralph, whilst he controlled all he showed the most savage behaviour and made his ‘tribe’ hunt Ralph down and kill him. ‘†Heave! Heave! Heave!† a shrill prolonged cheer. Something boomed up on the red rock, and then the earth jumped and began to shake steadily while the noise as steadily increased. Ralph was shot into the air, thrown down, and dashed against branches. At his right hand and only a few feet away, the whole thicket bent and the roots screamed as they came out of the earth together.’ This was Jack’s attempt at killing Ralph, it emphasises his savage, uncivilised behaviour. Golding’s description of the roots is also a description of what would of happened to Ralph had he been in the way. Both boys show jealousy and the pent up aggression they receive from this they then focus on one person in particular. This is the person, which they feel most in ‘danger’ of, which threatens them the most. Again showing how similar the boys are. Heathcliff’s nature proves to be evil. This is shown by his bribery over the colts with Hindley; ‘You must exchange horses with me; I don’t like mine and if you wont I shall tell your father of the three thrashings you’ve given me this week, and show him my arm which is black to the shoulder.’ This shows just how far he would go to get his own way. He is constantly evil and constantly thinks like this, and when he throws the hot apple sauce at Edgar Linton this just emphasises the fact; ‘He seized a tureen of hot apple sauce, the first thing that came under his grip and dashed it full against the speakers face and neck.’ Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nte suggests that Heathcliff could be from the devil by selecting words such as ‘imp of Satan’ to emphasise this. This is backed up by the fact that his background is unknown. His innate evil is being brought out because of his surroundings. Jack leads the hunters. On one hunt jack found himself unable to kill the pig they had captured. This is why he was so excited when the group caught another pig and managed this time to kill it; ‘†Look! We’ve killed a pig – we stole upon them – we got in a circle.† Voices broke from the hunters. â€Å"We got in a circle†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"We crept up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"The pig squealed†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Jack then puts the pig’s head on a stick – the Lord of the Flies. By doing this he shows savage, evil and uncivilised behaviour. This is because in making the pigs head the Lord of the Flies he is making an idol of it; this is against one of the Ten Commandments. Christianity is seen as civilisation and so he is in fact going against it and therefore being uncivilised. He shows evil because by idolising the pig he is showing that he is proud of the fact that he has killed another living thing. Golding is saying that children do in fact have evil instincts inside which are brought out when they are in groups; this may be because they are trying to impress others. Both boys show evil behaviour, although Heathcliff’s you seem to be able to understand more as he has a reason and is more of a reaction to probing from others than anything else. Jack’s is a much deeper evil and he idolises the ‘darker side’ of life. Heathcliff’s relationship with the natural world is very strong. His look is that of rugged and dirty ‘If you wash your face and brush your hair it will be all right. But you are so dirty!’ and therefore fits in with nature because that too is rugged and dirty. At the start when he firsts arrives at the family home he speaks gibberish; ‘when it was set on its feet, it only stared round, and repeated over and over again some gibberish that nobody could understand.’ This emphasises the fact that he is not civilised, the same as nature isn’t and therefore implying again that Heathcliff fits in with and is part of nature. Catherine Earnshaw describes him as ‘a bleak, hilly, coal country.’ This emphasises how close to nature he is as this is how his closest friends describe him. The ‘bleak, hilly’ description also suggests that maybe he has little going for him and that his future is not a lot to look forward to. Whenever Heathcliff runs away he runs to the moors suggesting that this is where he feels most comfortable and sees nature as a friend to himself. After Heathcliff has runaway after hearing how Catherine plans to marry Edgar there is a storm. During the storm a tree is split; ‘split a tree off’ this tree symbolises Heathcliff and shows him splitting with Catherine and civilisation. It again shows how he is close to nature because natural things are being used to describe him. His name ‘Heathcliff’ is a natural name and is an oxymoron. It shows a contrast; ‘heath describes a wide-open space where as ‘cliff’ describes a cut off vertical edge. Golding connects jack to the natural world. He uses words such as ‘the forest and he were very still’ to emphasise the fact that the two are very similar. However the connection is more of a link than a relationship. Jack uses the natural world for exploring and hunting and it appears that he knows much about it and is very much in tune with it; ‘Jack seemed to know the way’ suggesting that he has hunted and explored a lot before. This may be because it is with the natural world that he feels comfortable and safe and the fact that when he is annoyed he walks off when Ralph is chosen as chief emphasises this. ‘If I blow the conch and they don’t come back; then we’ve had it.’ It shows that Jack feels capable enough to lead the hunters away from the large group and still be safe. Both Heathcliff and Jack are very close to nature but Jack uses his more to help him where as Heathcliff uses his connection as a friend and to help him to calm down and forget his troubles. Heathcliff inspires very strong emotions in people of love and hate. This gives positive and negative sides to his character. His feelings tend to lead to insecurity, jealousy, savage and uncivilised behaviour. Hindley and Edgar Linton epically feel hate towards Heathcliff. This is sparked off by the fact that they cant except him into their civilised world because he’s from a different background. As well as the fact that Mr Earnshaw brought back Heathcliff as another son and so Hindley saw him as an intruder, and was extremely jealous of the way in which his father treated him. Heathcliff was brought into extremely unfortunate circumstances. However he does have positive sides; the fact that he cares for others so much that he would change for them, and the fact that when he is angry he does not always release it on others but in fact will runaway to the moors to calm down; ‘he had listened till he heard Catherine say it would degrade her to marry him, and then he stayed no farther.’ Catherine, Nelly and Mr Earnshaw all loved Heathcliff greatly and this also suggests that in fact he must have good sides to him or else’s they would not have loved him so, much. Jack also inspires strong emotions, however they are different from those of Heathcliff. Jack inspires fear and admiration. Admiration must be one of the biggest as Ralph admires him and they normally fight, argue and show constant dislike towards each other. Golding allows jack to apologise to piggy after stealing his glasses this raises admiration form the reader as well as other characters in the book. Jack is intimidating, this makes him feel like he has power over others which is what he wants; however this makes people dislike him, but they continue to follow him because they fear him; ‘†who wants Jack for chief?† with dreary obedience the choir raised their hands.’ ‘Dreary’ emphasises the fact that the choir dislike Jack and don’t want to vote for him but do so because they fear him. Both boys shower others with strong emotions. Jack creates mainly negative feelings, or gains positive feedback from others after having previously doing something negative and then correcting it. Heathcliff creates equal positive and negative feelings. In writing this essay I have noticed many similarities in Heathcliff and Jack despite the very different context of the novels. I prefer Golding’s style of writing as it gives a better description of the characters and the surroundings and more in sight into the story. However as the characters I prefer Heathcliff to Jack as the way in which he acts and responds to events are more understandable whereas Jack is full of evil.

The Kamikazes essays

The Kamikazes essays Kamikaze was a type of Japanese pilot who flew suicide missions during the last months of World War II (1939-1945). The kamikazes were trained to dive airplanes loaded with the explosives into certain targets, usually American naval vessels. They were much like a human bullet. The suicide planes were also called kamikazes. Japan was desperate when it launched the kamikaze missions. Its military leaders viewed the kamikazes as the last hope of stopping the powerful Allied advance. But the plan didnt work. The first kamikaze attacks occurred in October 1944, when the Allies invaded the Japanese-held Philippines. More than a thousand kamikazes took part in the defense of Okinawa in 1945. Kamikaze pilots, sacrificing their lives in a last-ditch effort to stop the American advance, sank about 30-40 ships and damaged more than 350 others. They thought the Allied forces would have some trouble because they were losing so many warships. America wouldve been long time ago. In those days naval vessels were so abundant that the U.S. were having trouble finding enough sailors to man the ship. But the kamikazes failed to sink any large aircraft carriers-their main targets-and in time proved to be a costly failure. They became more important for the kind of resistance they symbolized than for the damage they caused. The word kamikaze means divine wind. During the summer of 1281 the Emperor assigned an enormous army of 140,000 troops to the conquest of the Japanese islands. An armada of four thousands ships sailed, once again bound for Hakata Bay to fight the Mongols. Kublai Khans forces landed. The battle was fought again, and once more the Mongols turned back to the beach. The Japanese fought valiantly, but with the enormous resources of the Mongols breached the defenses. Then, one night almost without warning, a powerful typhoon blew through most of their battle equipment and horses, and d...

Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II

Battle of Iwo Jima in World War II The Battle of Iwo Jima was fought from February 19 to March 26, 1945, during World War II (1939-1945). The American invasion of Iwo Jima came after Allied forces had island-hopped across the Pacific and had conducted successful campaigns in the Solomon, Gilbert, Marshall, and Mariana Islands. Landing on Iwo Jima, American forces encountered much fiercer resistance than expected and the battle became one of the bloodiest of the war in the Pacific.    Forces Commanders Allies Admiral Raymond A. SpruanceMajor General Harry SchmidtVice Admiral Marc Mitscherup to 110,000 men Japanese Lieutenant General Tadamichi KuribayashiColonel Baron Takeichi Nishi23,000 men Background During 1944, the Allies achieved a series of successes as they island-hopped across the Pacific. Driving through the Marshall Islands, American forces captured Kwajalein and Eniwetok before pushing on to the Marianas. Following a victory at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in late June, troops landed on Saipan and Guam and wrested them from the Japanese. That fall saw a decisive victory at the Battle of Leyte Gulf and the opening of a campaign in the Philippines. As a next step, Allied leaders began developing plans for the invasion of Okinawa. Since this operation was intended for April 1945, Allied forces were faced with a brief lull in offensive movements. To fill this, plans were developed for the invasion of Iwo Jima in the Volcano Islands. Located approximately mid-way between the Marianas and the Japanese Home Islands, Iwo Jima served as an early warning station for Allied bombing raids and provided a base for Japanese fighters to intercept approaching bombers. Additionally, the island offered a launching point for Japanese air attacks against the new American bases in the Marianas. In assessing the island, American planners also envisioned using it as a forward base for the anticipated invasion of Japan. Planning Dubbed Operation Detachment, planning for capturing Iwo Jima moved forward with Major General Harry Schmidts V Amphibious Corps selected for the landings. Overall command of the invasion was given to Admiral Raymond A. Spruance and the carriers Vice Admiral Marc A. Mitschers Task Force 58 were directed to provide air support. Naval transport and direct support for Schmidts men would be given by Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turners Task Force 51. Allied air attacks and naval bombardments on the island had commenced in June 1944 and had continued through the remainder of the year. It was also scouted by Underwater Demolition Team 15 on June 17, 1944. In early 1945, intelligence indicated that Iwo Jima was relatively lightly defended and given the repeated strikes against it, planners thought it could be captured within a week of the landings (Map). These assessments led Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz to comment,  Well, this will be easy. The Japanese will surrender Iwo Jima without a fight. Japanese Defenses The believed state of Iwo Jimas defenses was a misconception that the islands commander, Lieutenant General Tadamichi Kuribayashi had worked to encourage. Arriving in June 1944, Kuribayashi utilized  lessons learned during the Battle of Peleliu and focused his attention on building multiple layers of defenses that centered on strong points and bunkers. These featured heavy machine guns and artillery as well as held supplies to allow each strong point to hold out for an extended period. One bunker near Airfield #2 possessed sufficient ammunition, food, and water to resist for three months. Additionally, he elected to employ his limited number of tanks as mobile, camouflaged artillery positions. This overall approach broke from Japanese doctrine which called for establishing defensive lines on the beaches to combat invading troops before they could land in force. As Iwo Jima increasingly came under aerial attack, Kuribayashi commenced focusing on the construction of an elaborate system of interconnected tunnels and bunkers. Connecting the islands strong points, these tunnels were not visible from the air and came as a surprise to the Americans after they landed. Understanding that the battered Imperial Japanese Navy would not be able to offer support during an invasion of the island and that air support would be nonexistent, Kuribayashis goal was to inflict as many casualties as possible before the island fell. To this end, he encouraged his men to kill ten Americans each before dying themselves. Through this he hoped to discourage the Allies from attempting an invasion of Japan. Focusing his efforts on the northern end of the island, over eleven miles of tunnels were constructed, while a separate system honeycombed Mt. Suribachi at the southern end. The Marines Land As a prelude to Operation Detachment, B-24 Liberators from the Marianas pounded Iwo Jima for 74 days. Due to the nature of the Japanese defenses, these air attacks had little effect. Arriving off the island in mid-February, the invasion force took up positions. The American planned called for the 4th and 5th Marine Divisions to go ashore on Iwo Jimas southeastern beaches with the goal of capturing Mt. Suribachi and the southern airfield on the first day. At 2:00 AM on February 19, the pre-invasion bombardment commenced, supported by bombers. Heading towards the beach, the first wave of Marines landed at 8:59 AM and initially met little resistance. Sending patrols off the beach, they soon encountered Kuribayashis bunker system. Quickly coming under heavy fire from the bunkers and gun emplacements on Mt. Suribachi, the Marines began to take heavy losses. The situation was further complicated by the islands volcanic ash soil which prevented the digging of foxholes. Pushing Inland The Marines also found that clearing a bunker did not put it out of action as Japanese soldiers would use the tunnel network to make it operational again. This practice would be common during the battle and led to many casualties when Marines believed they were in a secure area. Utilizing naval gunfire, close air support, and arriving armored units, the Marines were slowly able to fight their way off the beach though losses remained high. Among those killed was Gunnery Sergeant John Basilone who had won the Medal of Honor three years earlier at Guadalcanal.   Around 10:35 AM, a force of Marines led by Colonel  Harry B. Liversedge succeeded in reaching the islands western shore and cutting off Mt. Suribachi. Under heavy fire from from the heights, efforts were made over the next few days to neutralize the Japanese on the mountain. This culminated with American forces reaching the summit on February 23 and the raising of the flag atop the summit. Grinding on to Victory As fighting raged for the mountain, other Marine units battled their way north past the southern airfield. Easily shifting troops through the tunnel network, Kuribayashi inflicted increasingly severe losses on the attackers. As American forces advanced, a key weapon proved to be flamethrower-equipped M4A3R3 Sherman tanks which were difficult to destroy and efficient at clearing bunkers. Efforts were also supported by the liberal use of close air support. This was initially provided by the Mitschers carriers and later transitioned to the P-51 Mustangs of the 15th Fighter Group after their arrival on March 6. Fighting to the last man, the Japanese made superb use of the terrain and their tunnel network, constantly popping out to surprise the Marines. Continuing to push north, the Marines encountered fierce resistance at the Motoyama Plateau and nearby Hill 382 during which the fighting bogged down. A similar situation developed to the west at Hill 362 which was riddled with tunnels. With the advance halted and casualties mounting, Marine commanders began changing tactics to combat the nature of the Japanese defenses. These include assaulting without preliminary bombardments and night attacks. Final Efforts By March 16, after weeks of brutal fighting, the island was declared secure. Despite this proclamation, the 5th Marine Division was still fighting to take Kuribayashis final stronghold at the northwest tip of the island. On March 21, they succeeded in destroying the Japanese command post and three days later closed the remaining tunnel entrances in the area. Though it appeared that the island was fully secured, 300 Japanese launched a final assault near Airfield No. 2 in the middle of the island on the night of March 25. Appearing behind the American lines, this force was ultimately contained and defeated by a mixed group of Army pilots, Seabees, engineers, and Marines. There is some speculation that Kuribayashi personally led this final attack. Aftermath Japanese losses in the fighting for Iwo Jima are subject to debate with numbers ranging from 17,845 killed to as high as 21,570. During the fighting only 216 Japanese soldiers were captured. When the island was declared secured again on March 26, approximately 3,000 Japanese remained alive in the tunnel system. While some carried on limited resistance or committed ritual suicide, others emerged to scavenge for food. US Army forces reported in June that they had captured an additional 867 prisoners and killed 1,602. The final two Japanese soldiers to surrender were Yamakage Kufuku and Matsudo Linsoki who lasted until 1951. American losses for Operation Detachment were a staggering 6,821 killed/missing and 19,217 wounded. The fighting for Iwo Jima was the one battle in which American forces sustained a greater number of total casualties than the Japanese. In the course of the struggle for the island, twenty-seven Medals of Honor were awarded, fourteen posthumously. A bloody victory, Iwo Jima provided valuable lessons for the upcoming Okinawa campaign. In addition, the island fulfilled its role as a waypoint to Japan for American bombers. During the final months of the war, 2,251 B-29 Superfortress landings occurred on the island. Due to heavy cost to take the island, the campaign was immediately subjected to intense scrutiny in the military and press.

The Cafe Business in the Technical School Research Paper

The Cafe Business in the Technical School - Research Paper Example This results in several deductions that conclusively support the questions under study by looking at all angles affecting the college of technology. The results reflect a generalization that shows how the business is fairing in the college and thus, tastes and preferences among student and staff are deduced with ease.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The information provided indicates that students in higher levels find the cafà © a suitable joint since it saves time. The demand for the products is high among the student's fraternity. As a result, cafà © personnel needs to look for ways of attracting the freshmen and sophomores in order to increase demand.†Ã‚   â€Å"From the graph, many of the students did not respond to this question. In the 1-2 weeks interval, 35 students visit the cafà © while 20 of the faculty members visit in the same duration. Only 3 students visit the cafà © 5 or more times, yet none of the faculty members frequent the cafà © this number of times.† â€Å"The info rmation stipulated in the graph indicates that the cafà © needs to investigate the main reasons leading to the low number of visits to the cafà © by both staff and students in the 5 or more interval. The recommendation is to introduce products that will attract students and staff in order to increase the number of weekly visits. These will emphasis on their desired product and services in order to satisfy the customers of the cafe.†Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The graph indicates that the highest number of students (113) did not respond to the question. However, those who said yes to purchase of pizza are 25 and 13 for the faculty/staff. The largest number of students (18) also do not purchase from the cafà ©, whilst the staff was 10.† â€Å"From the above information, it is evident that many participants of the survey were not ready to answer questions.